I first came across the theory of stupidity while studying at university, but it was not until many years later that I paid it any real attention.
Stupidity as an active, shaping force in society was first theorised by an extraordinarily courageous German Lutheran Pastor named Dietrich Bonnhoeffer (1906 -1945). An active member of the anti-NAZI resistance from pretty much the day they assumed power in Germany. He was outspoken in his resistance to that odious regime and was unequivocal in his public condemnation of the NAZI euthanasia program. He was eventually arrested by the GESTAPO in April 1943 and it was while imprisoned that he formulated his theory of stupidity.
He wondered how it was that a county with such culture could become what NAZI Germany had, and his observations lead him to conclude that stupidity played a massive role in the puzzle.
Stupidity, he realised, was more than just an intellectual issue; it is just as much a social and moral issue. He also realised that stupidity posed the greatest threat to goodness than does evil, because reason and truth had proved completely useless against it. Bonnhoeffer believed that it was not a matter of intelligence, that stupidity was a form of mental block that prevented critical thought and independent action. He also saw that this force, stupidity, was amplified and most lethal in groups, becoming even more intense when under the influence of a populist leader. We are social animals, so the pull of the majority can exert a great influence. Peer pressure is a major factor in human development, just think of early adolescents being embarrassed of being with their parents. Bonnhoeffer saw this social/peer pressure as part of the mechanics of stupidity; that the pressure to conform with the group suspended rational thought and reason.
He understood that it takes great courage to stand apart from the crowd, and he paid the ultimate price for his valour. Dietrich Bonnhoeffer was hanged by the NAZI’s in 1945 for his resistance, but not before he had smuggled out letters and writings from his prison cell. Thanks to his theory of stupidity we can discern ways to lessen its effects on society.
On Holocaust Remembrance Day, I remind myself to not always opt for the most popular and easy solution offered by someone who says they have the answers. And just because everybody else is worshipping the latest golden calf doesn’t mean I should too. That surrendering personal responsibility to a group does not exempt anyone from their personal actions. I don’t lose sight of the fact that there are never simple solutions to the complicated business of life. And today, I value my critical thinking skills that lead me to independent, socially valuable thought that benefits more than just I.
And above all, I never forget Voltaire’s words.
Denis Magee 